Relationship between life expectancy and various factors

Relationship between life expectancy and various factors Many factors have been proved to be related to the life expectancy of people. This paper examines the relationship between the geographical position people live, their genders, per capita GDP and their life expectancy, using the cross-state data in the United States in 2000. In our research, controlling for per capita income and the gender, we find that the geographical position people live in are strongly correlated how long they can live: life expectancy in Hawaii exceeds that in Southern America by as much as four years. Also, based on our research, the females in the States typically live longer than males by five years. These coefficients are significant. 1 Introduction Academics and medical experts have long been curious about what factors will affect the local life expectancy and health. Academics hold different opinions towards this question. Some scholars, using a cross-country, time-series data on health and income per capita, showed that wealthier countries tend to be healthier (Lant Pritchett and Lawrence H. Summers)  [1]  ; some scholars suggest that particular air pollution may be a potential causes for decrease in life expectancy (Jaakko Nevalainena and Juha Pekkanen)  [2]  ; some scholars have found some diseases correlated with life expectancy, such as Obesity (A. Peeters, J.P. Mackenbach, L. Bonneux)  [3]  . However, previous research does not answer the simple question that when the productivity and per capita income is high enough, what is the effect of per capita income on life expectancy. Also they fail to analyze how people living in different geographical positions with comparable income differ in their life expectancy . This is what this paper will focus on. In this paper, we use the state-level data of 2000 from the U.S. Census Bureau and examine the relationship between life expectancy and various factors, including geographical position, gender and local economic conditions, which are denoted by per capita income. Using an OLS method, we found that the gender and geographical positions strongly correlated with life expectancy. Females in average lives five years longer than males, given other conditions; life expectancy of residents in Hawaii in average is 4 years longer than that of residents in Southern American, including Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, etc. This difference may due to the availability of new medical techniques, the various life styles of different places and the sanitation conditions, which we will not go into the details in this paper. According to our research, the per capita income is not a significant factor affecting the life expectancy across states in the United States, which is contrary to the previous research done by Lant Pritchett and Lawrence H. Summers as mentioned before. Our research shows that in developed countries, the per capita income may not be an important factor in determining the life expectancy, which means the marginal effect of income on life expectancy diminishes. 2 Data and institutional background Life expectancy, by its definition, is the expected (in the statistical sense) number of years of life remaining at a given age  [4]  . The life expectancy in this paper refers to the number of years remaining at birth. Our analysis is based on linked 2000 state-level data from multiple sources. Data on the state-level life expectancy (of female and male) are provided by the U.S. Census Bureau  [5]  , whose mission is to serve as source of data about the United States people and economy  [6]  .Data on the per capita income of all states is from the website of Information Please  [7]  , which is part of Pearson, an integrated education company. The data was computed by Information Please using mid-year population estimates of the Bureau of the Census. To examine the effects of factors other than age and per capita income, we consider the geographical location of people. Intuitively, where people live determines their life style, their diet and the climate around, thus affecting the life expectancy. To figure this effect, we include the geographical location in to our model. However, due to the lack of data, we divide states into 8 groups. They are: Alaska; Hawaii; New England, which includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont; Midwest, which includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West, which includes California, Colorado, Utah, Washington, Wyoming; Middle, which includes Delaware, DC, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania; South, which includes Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North California, South California, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia; Southwest, which includes Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas. We introduce 7 dummy variables to denote these 8 categories. If an observation belongs to a certain category, we denote it with 1, else we set it 0. 3 Methodology Our aim in this paper is to examine the effects of genders, per capita income and geographical location on life expectancy. Among these factors, per capita income is measured by the 2000 US Dollar, while the life expectancy is measured in unite of years. We employ OLS linear regression model to estimate the marginal effect of various factors on life expectancy. Suppose the statistical average years remaining at birth in a certain state is measured by y, and the explanatory variables are vector x. Assume that life expectancy, y is a linear function of our independent variables x, or y=ÃŽÂ ±+xÃŽÂ ²+ÃŽÂ µ, where ÃŽÂ ²is a vector of coefficients andÃŽÂ µis assumed to be conditional independent of x and has a expected value of 0, x is a vector of variables assumed to affect life expectancy. Intuitively, per capita income should have a positive coefficient while the female dummy variable negative. There, using these assumptions and measures, our main hypothesis is as follows. Hypothesis1: an increase in per capita income should be accompanied with an increase in life expectancy. Hypothesis2: being a female means longer life expectancy. Hypothesis3: Living in different part of the United States brings about a different life expectancy. 4 Results 4.1 Descriptive statistics Table 1 provides summary statistics for the main variables in our study. As we can easily figure out from Table 1, the life expectancy of female is much greater than that of males. All the common statistics of females, including mean, maximum, minimum and mean, outperform the males by more than 5 years. Besides, the variation of life expectancy of males among different states, measured by standard deviation, is larger than the females by about half a year. This fact, to some extent, confirms peoples guess that due to more variations in life styles, males life expectancy changes more violently than females. Another fact that we should notice in table 1 is that the great range of per capita income. Ranging from 20856 to 40870, per capita income of different states has a standard deviation of 4512, which accounts for 20% of the mean. Such a great variation suggests that the coefficients may have a relatively small coefficient. Figure 1 is a Box plot of life expectancy for both Male and Female. Visually, we cannot find significant different in variation between these two categories. Most of the observations fall in the right area apart from one observation of male which is significantly below the right area. This observation is the D.C. Since our purpose is to measure the effects of geographical location on life expectancy, we dont have a good reason for deleting this observation from the dataset. As a result, we will keep this sample point and run the regressions. 4.2 Regression results Table 2 provides the regression results for life expectancy, controlling for geographical locations, genders and per capita income. The first set of results in the table use per capita income in 2000, while the second use that of 1999. As we can see from the first column of table 1, using Southwest part of the United States as the base, the dummy variables Hawaii, South, Female are significant under 1% significant level and Middle is significant under 5% significant level. The coefficient of Female is 5.2, which means being a female increases life expectancy by about 5 years, controlling for geographical locations. This accounts for about 7% of life expectancy of males. The difference in life expectancy between male and female may due to their distinct living style. In the United States, men tend to work to support the family, while a large proportion of women remain being a house wife. Higher pressure for men, as well as their more exposure to working place accident, public place crime and unhealthy habit, like smoking and drinking, may contribute to their lower life expectancy. When it comes to geographical location, living in Hawaii is with no doubt better for healthy than in southern American. The difference be tween these two districts may be due to the climate, the living style or some omitted variables, for example, people who like swimming and sailboat may prefer to live in Hawaii. This habit, in turn, makes them healthier than people in other places. Our research has shown that after controlling for per capita income, life expectancy in different parts of the states is different. This suggests a further research on why they differ in life expectancy. When it comes to per capita income, as we can see, in the first column we introduce per capita income of 2000 as explanatory variable, while in the second column we use that of 1999. Neither of these two coefficients is significant, which means in developed countries, income might not be a determinant factor that affects state-level life expectancy. Notice that we are not saying income is not important for individuals who are less fortune, but for statistical average of large sample size, its effects are offsets by the people who are extremely rich. Since it is a cross-sectional dataset, we need to test whether heteroskedasticity exists. Figure 2 are the plot of residuals versus genders. Roughly speaking, the distributions of residuals of both genders seem alike. To confirm this point, we conducted Breusch-Pagan test and the results are presented in Table 3. The chi square is 3.02, which means this is significant under a 10% interval and a weak heteroskedasticity may exist. To exclude this effect, we then conducted weighted OLS regression, and the regression results are similar to that in table1. We present it in table 4. 5 Conclusion In this paper we examine the effects of geographical location on life expectancy, controlling for gender and per capita income. Our research finds that living in different places does contribute to the different in the life expectancy. A more detailed research may be needed to find out why.

Lost Wallet Essay

If you have never lost or misplaced something valuable to you, let me tell you it is not very fun. It is very stressful and can ruin your entire day. I would also suggest not doing such a thing because your family will never forget how funny you looked freaking out over the whole thing. In my case, it was my most precious possession at the time, my wallet, or purse for some, is a precious item in which most people carry things more essential than money towards everyday life. Some are made of Velcro, they can be snap buttons, or they can simply fold up (hence the term â€Å"billfold†). Mine was a Fossil leather brown tri-fold that I got as a Christmas gift from my grandparents more that five years ago. I’ve had that square leathery keep safe all my life, and I wasn’t planning on losing or throwing it away, ever. If some people were to lose that portable safe, they may be offset for the rest of that day. The person without that wallet could be cranky or depressed for a while. Maybe something of great sentimental value was in that wallet. This person could stay hold these feelings for a long time, until they find their belongings by which case they are filled with joy. I myself, personally, keep anything I may have interest in knowing where it is, in my trusty, four-sided, tough wallet. I am also very good about always having my wallet and never losing it†¦ until recently. In my wallet, I store dire personal items such as my license and some pictures. When you open the pocketbook up, you immediately see a picture of myself, which is one my driver’s license. In the picture I am wearing a Notre Dame sweatshirt, and my hair is way too long. No, I was not going for the â€Å"JB† haircut look I had it way before all the â€Å"Bieber Fever† fan base came to be thank you very much. The pictures are of my dearly beloved family – mom, dad, brother and sister, grandma and grandpa; the people who mean the most to me on this earth. Among other things, I have my money, like everybody else, and certificates for stores like Pac Sun, Express (Yes I like to have a nice formal wardrobe), and various restaurants like Chipotle or Panera Bread. This summer, I went to Ft. Lauderdale, Florida with my Mom and sister. We flew down there and I took my wallet with me, like I would any other time. We had a two-hour flight at six in the morning. That was hell. I personally like waking up early, it’s the two women in my family that do not. The day is too precious to sleep it away. They were in crabby moods from when we left the house, till we got all the way to our first stop, Atlanta Georgia. The airport in ATL is huge! I thought of it as its own personal little city. You could literally live in this place. There are boutiques and restaurants lined down the halls where businessman, sports teams, and eager families ready to go on vacation busily run down to catch their next flight. We had an hour layover so we decided to eat some breakfast since it was only about eight-thirtyish o’clock. I got some delicious chicken biscuits from Chic-Fil-A and they hit the spot. Hot and juicy chicken tasted so good with the honey glazed biscuit that was baked perfectly with a nice crust and soft, chewy insides. After we had our food fixes, we relaxed in some seats we found near a window while we waited for our next flight to Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. The flight lasted for about two hours. The plane landed smoothly on the runway and we were ready to get our vacation started. Me being the only male on the trip only had one bag, which was checked in as a carryon. Well, for the other two females, had at least one other bag each and for that, we had to wait in baggage claim for just about an hour. After that was all settled and done, we went and got our rental car, which was a bluish purplish metallic Saab convertible. The drop top came in handy on that hot and muggy Florida with cool breezes. As we drove away and pulled out into the street, the whole skyline opened up over the horizon. Ginormous hotels were lined up right after the next that overlooked the calm Atlantic Ocean. You could see pelicans flying around them amongst the light blue sky, that which completed the ideal look of southern Florida in my book. We got to our hotel, it wasn’t as tall or fancy looking outside as did the others, but inside was very nice. It had shinny marble floors with antique couches and of course, a piano in the lobby. Me being the instrument lover that I am, I naturally walked over and played a tune or three while my mom and sister got us checked in to our room. The piano was a neatly kept Yamaha that was black with gold pedals. It had a sound to it that would melt an angel’s heart, or any girls’ that seemed my age and happened to be walking by for that matter. We rode the elevator up to the tenth floor. Inside there were golden handrails with mirrors on every side, there was no music playing. We reached the floor that our room was on and we walked to the door, sliding the plastic card to unlock the door, and away we went inside to see where we would be residing for the next week. The room was square with two beds that was neatly made and had plain beige colored bedspread. I immediately called sleeping by myself since I was the only guy, and I also knew that my sister kicks and grinds her teeth when she sleeps and I did not want any part of that on my vacation. We got settled in, I took a shower since I hadn’t that morning since we got up so early. When I got out the two girls were already gone so I called my sister. â€Å"Where did you guys go? † I asked. â€Å"Oh, we’re down outside sitting at a table. Come join us and we’ll get something to eat† was the response my sister gave. That’s all I needed to hear, the word FOOD. I am always hungry, so I got dressed quickly and ran out the room. I put on a grey Rip Curl â€Å"bro-tank† and some black shorts that I had gotten from one of my baseball teams that didn’t have pockets in them. As I left the room I made myself do a mental check of my valuables; phone, wallet, check. The girl met me in the lobby and we walked out to the rental car, I offered to drive. My mom stops dead in her tracks and says, â€Å"Oh shoot, I forgot my sunglasses up in the room. Hold on I’ll be right back. † Me and my sister wait outside the car and talk about what all we are trying to do while we’re are down here in the beautiful city of Ft. Lauderdale. Well, when someone doesn’t have pockets, then it is hard to keep their wallet right next to them at all times. I was carrying my wallet and my phone out from the hotel, along with the rental keys that my mom tossed to me when I offered to drive the fancy convertible, and set the wallet and keys on top of the car. There was no way I was putting my phone down, I had to be taking pictures of course. My mom shortly returned, passing back through the sliding glass doors to the entrance of the hotel with her big, black sunglasses on her head, so I opened up the door and got in the drivers’ seat of the car. When I figured out that I needed the keys in order to get in the car and turn it on, I reached up and took them off the top of the roof, unknowingly leaving my wallet leaving my wallet behind. I sat in the car, car door open, waiting for my mom to make it to the car so we could all go to a diving area. Once he made it to the car, without thinking, I closed the door and started the car. I had been driving about a mile or two before I realized that my wallet was no longer on my body. Immediately, I pulled the car over, and the next hour or so was spent looking for my wallet. All I could think about was what I would lose if I didn’t find my favorite and only wallet. The week before was my birthday, and I was given sixty dollars to Best Buy and fifty dollars to Auto Zone. Pictures of loved family members, and aside from that I had about forty dollars in cash. While walking up and down the road that my wallet had to have flown off on, my sister found my Best Buy card. That eased my mind a little. However, that was all we found of my dear wallet. My family and I gave up after wasting an hour of finding nothing. I didn’t want to drive anymore. Losing my wallet made me depressed for the rest of the day. I could not believe I did something so stupid. Now, if you haven’t flown on an airplane recently you know that you cannot get onto a plane without your I. D. I had no problem staying in Ft. Lauderdale until I got a new I. D. , but my mom was not very happy and this made her and I quite nervous. We got to this little restaurant a few blocks down which had good reviews that we read about. The food was delicious. I had king crab legs and sweet tea. The crab was so fresh and the tea was as sweet as a box of chocolates. This meal kind of made me feel a little better, but my spirits were still crushed after had just losing my wallet and a lot of personal objects in it. We had spent the whole day sitting by the pool and walking along side the white sandy shore talking and having a good time. The next day I received a call from my grandmother – the sheriff’s department from Broward County, where I was during this fiasco, contacted her and when she answered the phone the sheriff said, â€Å"This is Deputy ‘so-and-so’ from the Broward County sheriffs department. Do you know Morgan Anderson? † This startled my grandmother. The sheriff then continued to explain to her that he had found my wallet with a picture of my grandma and her phone number on the back, some two miles from the hotel in which I was staying. She gave me that picture with the number in case I forget her number. Now how sweet is that? He left her information on how to contact him if she wished to retrieve my wallet. My grandmother called me and relayed that information. That very afternoon I got with the sheriff and recovered my wallet. That made my day, knowing that everything I had lost in my wallet was now returned to me, except for my forty dollars in cash, which seemed odd, but didn’t really matter to me at that time. I was just happy to have my square leather tri fold Fossil wallet back in my possession again. Obviously this made the trip that much more enjoyable and relaxing, especially for the sake of my mind. We spent our time soaking up the sun at the pool and beach, snorkeling in the deep blue ocean looking at the reef and vibrant fish, ate at delicious cafe’s and restaurants, and of course with the two girls, shopping. All in all, it was a very solid trip. Before we knew it, it was that time to leave and go home. Luckily, we didn’t have an early flight out of there so we could spend a little time on the last day doing whatever we wanted. I just chose to sit outside and listen to music. I got to know a few people in the hotel that were also on vacation so I spent a little time talking with them. You wouldn’t believe how many people are there from international countries. It then came time to check out and leave the hotel. We hopped into the rental car one last time and made way for the airport. The whole flight I slept comfortably with my headphones in listening to some Red Hot Chili Peppers’ funky bass lines and catchy choruses, which kept me, sound asleep. I woke up when the plane touched down in Kansas City, there we claimed our baggage and walked to my mom’s car that had been waiting for us since we left that exact day a week ago. After I had been sleeping for a straight six hours, I had some restored energy and wanted to drive us home. â€Å"Got your wallet? † My mom sarcastically asked as she looked at me and smiled while she handed me her keys. I didn’t say anything back I just laughed, pulled it out and showed it to her as a entered the car. Since that single event, I have lost my wallet two other times, none as serious as before though. These were just for about ten or thirty minutes when it was in my room or in my car somewhere. I have also lost something sincere to me by putting it on top of the car, my morning coffee. The carelessness of my misplacing’s have taught me a lesson, simply think before I act. This is something everyone is told to do numerous times; it is a good attribute to have. Only now, it is easier for me to apply that to my actions. If I follow that idea I could avoid future problems like this, preemptive caution. It took a scare like this for it to finally kick in to me, and now every time before I drive off I get out of the car and look at the roof just incase I’m forgetting something.

Dangers of Body Art Essay

â€Å"Grandma, what does that thing on your right wrist say? † asked Maya. â€Å"It says Justin Bieber! Who is Justin Bieber? Was that your boyfriend back in the day? † Maya’s grandma simply responded, â€Å"No, this is what you call a big mistake! † Grandma did not tell Maya about her life-threatening encounter with Hepatitis B, how she was judged for tattooing a Canadian singer’s name on her, and how she was not able to keep a steady job. Grandma regrets getting that tattoo. She daydreamed many days how her life could have been better. Can you really blame Grandma? She did this when she was a teenager. The trend in this century has increased. Tattoos are a major fashion statement among teenagers today, but the majority of the young adults fail to consider the medical, social, and professional consequences tattoos can inflict on one’s life which may result in regret. Adolescents have several reasons for having tattoos are numerous but some are senseless. A survey was given to students about the motive for their tattoos: â€Å"Fifty-three percent of the students replied for self expression. Thirty-five percent just wanted one. Twenty-one percent got the art to remember an event. Seventeen wanted to feel unique. Eleven got it to express independence,† (Winkler 18). The reasons are endless. A rebellious tattoo gives one a tougher look, so that one appears disobedient to rules. The indifferent appearance verses the bland look that has been acquired by society for centuries. Well-known actress, Pamela Anderson, feels â€Å"tattoos are symbolic of the most important moments of your life† (Mason 16). Moments of life are similar to rites of passage. On Dictionary. com, a rite of passage is â€Å"Ceremonies that mark important transitional periods in a person’s life . . . † (Keloid). It is common for one to get a tattoo(s) displaying marriage or in memory of another’s death. Anderson also stated about getting a tattoo, â€Å"my sons’ first girlfriend come over and I’m all wrinkled up in a chair with tattoos all sagging down to my ankles† (Mason 16) Everyone sets goals but in cases people have tattooed the goals or something symbolic to the goals on their body. â€Å"Several athletes, for example, have had the Olympic rings tattooed on their bodies to show how much they wanted to compete in the Olympic Games. † (Mason 16). Love is a beautiful thing but would you risk showing it on your skin? It is common for people to tattoo love-one’s name on them. Many say that having a relative’s name is better than having a boyfriend or girlfriend’s name tattooed on one. One’s lover can change constantly but your family is yours officially. For instance, â€Å"Actress Angelina Jolie had actor Billy Bob Thornton’s name tattooed on her arm soon after she married him. By the summer of 2002, the two had split up† (Mason 17). Some professional tattoo artist can remember a story about someone who came in to cover up someone’s name that was tattooed on them. Mr. Barham’s second period class took a survey on having their girlfriend/boyfriend’s name on them. Fifty percent said it was ignorant, twenty-five percent said it was ill-advised, and twenty-five percent said to wait till marriage. (Concluding Sentence? ) Hardship enters in and out of everyone’s life. Hardship can send one into sadness. Sadness is another reason one may have a desire for a tattoo; most likely to remember the event. Actress Alyssa Milano said about getting tattoos out of misery, â€Å"I’ve always gotten them [tattoos] at times when I was sad about something [†¦] relationship problems or the fact that it had rained every day for a month† (Mason 17). It is not advised to get a tattoo during the time of grief. Why do you have that tattoo again? † said Ashley. â€Å"Well, I don’t know† said Jason. Jason received a tattoo no for no particular reason? As said before, thirty-five percent of teens got the tattoo because they just wanted it (Winkler 18). Some say it looked cool or felted good and encouraged them to get more. One can result in a deadly ending if having numerous tattoos or even if you get one for the first time. The risks of having tattoos are endless but the most deadliness one is Hepatitis B or C. Problems, such as infections, tattoo removal, keloid formation, and allergic reaction. There have been many people who have contracted diseases through tattoos, but when society thinks of tattoos, the risks are not recognized. Infections are prone to happen if one does not use sterile equipment to perform the tattooing procedure such as re-using ink or used needles. Infection affects the blood stream and later causes problems if one was to become a blood donor. Tattoos removal may involve scaring of the dermis and numerous treatments. The cost of treatments varies by size and what treatment is being done but either way the treatments are expensive. One consequence tattoo removal results in is keloid development. According to Dictionary. com, a keloid is â€Å"an abnormal proliferation of scar tissue†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Keloid). If one already develops a keloid(s), getting a tattoo(s) increases the formation. Having an allergic reaction is possible to happen while getting a tattoo and is difficult to control. It is extremely rare for one to be allergic to the products used. Removing the tattoo pigments is the procedure that aids one during an allergic reaction. Neither teenagers nor adults would have thought these risks could infect someone. Usually when people have tattoos, they are judged on spot. In some cases, society does not accept the act of having tattooing due to personal preference which starts social altercations. Views on tattoos can be taken in a negative manner. Doing research, â€Å". . . the average person described the body art as dirty and gross† (Ottawa Expert in French & English Language Training; Free Online French & English Lessons). Compare the average person to someone fund of tattoos and they could prove them wrong. To others, tattoos are seen as their way to express through art. Pricing for tattoos are outrageous, also. Generally, tattoo parlors range pricing upon a flat fee, hourly fee, or both. A flat fee is the cost based on the artist having to sketch the design, provide colors to the art, and time it took. An hourly fee is a charge based upon the length of time it took to complete the tattoos; common hourly fees range for 50-250 per hour. Prices tend to be extremely high which causes many to go to an unprofessional artist. When getting tattoos, others do not consider society’s opinion or just do not care. There have been cases where parents have kicked out their child because of having tattoos resulting to be homeless. Also, parents have disowned children due to tattoos. Facts stated, â€Å"Over half of the families in Canada would not let their children get tattoos. † (Ottawa Expert in French & English Language Training; Free Online French & English Lessons). It has been restaurants or stores that do not allow tattooed people to enter the facility. Religious reasons are, also, why people are not able to get tattoos. Roleff reproduced about religions and tattoos, â€Å"Getting a tattoo may give some youths a feeling of power and control over their lives, but the Old Testament forbade tattoos. While today’s Christians are not bound by Old Testament law, tattoos-even temporary ones-suggest paganism and idol worship. Many people react negatively to those with tattoos, which could lead to problems when it is time to find a job or pursue personal relationships. Many people come to regret having a tattoo. It is best not to get one in the first place† (Roleff 68). Generally, views of tattoos by society have been negative. From awful adjectives to religious views, tattoos are frowned upon constantly. Tattoos in the work area have, also, been a problem for years. Today in society some find it acceptable but others still find it hard to get over. Having tattoos while maintaining certain professions, such as a government job, give the society the perspective of how tattoos are viewed. There have been times when a firefighter has been insulted, harassed, or discriminated against for having a tattoo. People in the community find it unprofessional for them to even have the littlest of tattoos. I know it is impossible to believe but teachers have and had lives, also. In the past, there have been problems where a teacher has got a tattoo. Districts have addressed the dress code for teachers, and enforcing them to hide all body art. Teachers chose to comply with the new rules. Some meet the terms to support their family and some wanted to be role models to the students. Schools are not the only place where they have placed a dress code. The official policy is to sport tattoos in certain places, such as a certain spot on the neck. Also, it has to be an appropriate tattoo. According to a section article, â€Å"In 1900 an estimated 90 percent of sailors in the United States Navy were tattooed† (Roleff 82). That was until another policy had been set to prohibit tattoos that were in plain sight. The policies are in place for the professional look from society. According to Dictionary. com, a tattoo is the act or practice of marking the skin with indelible patterns, pictures, legends, etc. , by making punctures in it and inserting pigments (Tattoo). The motivations for having tattoos were endless but true. Teenagers, today, have made tattoos seem acceptable to have, especially having many of them but lack understanding consequences. The medical outcomes to having tattoos are numerous diseases and difficulties. Majority of society’s view tattoos as impure. The prices of tattoos are insane but for a tattooist, them expressing themselves is way more valuable. There have been public places that do not allow people who have tattoos. Religions find it unruly to have tattoos. Then, there is the professional view. Society would not want a tattooed firefighter to represent them because of the unruly look that tattoos are viewed as. Teenagers may love the form of expression but do not take the time to understand. Tattoos can cause death or can hurt one, physical or mentally.

Essay on Urban Education - 871 Words

There have been a number of issues in the urban schools like poor quality of education and segregation of schools by races. The great cause of these issues has been increase in immigrants and shifting patterns from rural areas to the urban areas. This has resulted in high concentration of the poor and minority students in the urban schools. These issues have necessitated the formation and application of the No Child Left Behind policy with a bet to better education system and standard in America. The African-American and Hispanic students form the largest population in these schools. White students on the other hand, mostly go the middle class suburban schools. Some of the tough problems in these urban schools include best teachers†¦show more content†¦With overcrowding of urban schools by the immigrants, there rose a challenge of integrating the immigrant students with the American students. There have been some critics of the opinion that the Act gave too much power over e ducation matters to the federal government. However, strong federal role for students in low income urban schools is much needed. When the Congress re-authorizes the Act, schools serving high proportions of the minority and low income students will be supported. This will improve the quality of education in the schools. The number Students dropping out of school has been on the increase with some of the reasons given by the students being getting bored, the need to have a job and work, and to care for their families. From the educationist’s point of view, there are some warning signs such as missing school, skipping some classes, getting detained in the same grade for a while and too many transfers from one school to another. There is therefore need for schools to take some preventive actions. The no Child Left Behind Act has had some positive effects. It had the effect of bringing together the Republicans and Democrats to increase opportunities for improving the quality of education for the American students from all backgrounds while at the same time maintaining local control. According Bush (2009), some of the achievements of the Act include giving enough information to parents about the schools andShow MoreRelatedEconomics and Urban Education678 Words   |  3 Pages Education is a quality in which all learning should be given under unconditional pretenses. The opportunity to be privileged with higher learning and creative diversities places an extraordinary value in which all children should achieve. However, when economic and ethnic demographics supersedes integrity, equality, fairness, and entailing security for all students. 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